The Power of Film as Propaganda

The Power of Film as PropagandaThe power of direct as propaganda reality or myth?Throughout hi fabrication s incessantlyal(a) persons and administrations in power view attempted to win the hearts and supports of their constituents, often through reframing or reinterpreting historical issuances in a light favourable to them. This was sure enough the case in the Russian transmutation of1917. The Bolsheviks and Lenin, their leader, sought to use film to recast events of the revolution in such a way as to cod and unify the Russian peasantry. Filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein was one of those recruited for the task, and date many governing-sponsored films of the time know disappe ared into the massive pile of poor quality filmmaking, two of his turns in occurrence, Battleship Potemkin and October, were powerful in framing the Russian Revolution in the eyes of the world and his own deal. These works demonstrate the power of film, even those prize as containing elements of propag anda.Hostility and outbreaks had been building prior to the1917 Revolution, with general dissatisfaction for the Tsarist regime. One such event, a naval uprising in Odessa, was chosen by Eisenstein to order the liberation needed by the working class under the csars, which he considered had been subsequently provided by the Bolsheviks. diachronicly, the event was a mutiny of the seamen against the officers, and had been a major event in the earlier Revolution of 1905. Commissioned by the Soviet Central Committee to create a film commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the 1905 Revolution, Eisenstein primarily planned a sweeping series of eight films, forming a panoramic view of 1905 events. However, when confronted with the communist definition of a workable budget, he quickly trim down the bod to one.The film included authoritative license with the actual historical events of the incident, as Eisenstein and his government backers both made changes to portray the situation i n a way supportive of the then-current Bolshevik regime. For example, whilst in reality the sailors were captured and incarcerated, Eisenstein ends the movie with the sailors in a rallying cry of class solidarity, sooner than being herded off to prison. Eisenstein in addition employ a variety of cinematic devices to reinforce his theme, regardless of historical accuracy. He staged the slaughter of civilians by the Cossacks on a series of locomote in Odessa, undercutting close-ups of guns and faces with scenes of fleeing civilians and attacking soldiers to depict the slaughter of the populace by the czars troops.Overseas the film was a rousing success. European and American viewers and critics also were strike with the realism of the film and its filmmaking firsts. Eisenstein was the first to use editing to juxtapose apparently unrelated images, to create rapid and high-power shifts in rhythm, and to compress and expand somatogenic action rather than function simply as a story telling device. The bleaksreel-like style of the film was another innovation praised by foreign critics. Americas National Board of suss out reported at the time the faithful reproduction of this historical event by adhering as frequently as possible to a literal organisation and reproduction of officially documented facts Nothing approaching the reality of these scenes has ever occurred in cinematics ahead. Interestingly, most American audiences regarded Potemkin as a celebration of freedom and liberation, rather than a support of a finical political agenda(Browne 182).Initial critics, with the exception of Gerstein who briefly mentions the propagandistic nature of the final scene, also viewed the film as historically accurate. Given only the partial and fragmentary information about the Soviet Union, the American agencies of interpretation the journalists and the critics sought to sketch a picture of something very new and unknown and used the figure of Eisenstein and the rea lism of his film to do so. However, by the late 1920s, critics were reconsidering the propaganda elements in Soviet films. For example, in his profile on Eisenstein in 1928, Alfred Barr openly explained the Russian governments involvement in the Potemkin and filmmaking in general, and the propagandistic elements of the movie. Intellects on both sides of the Atlantic appeared to have been quite taken with the reality of the movie, enough to overlook such elements of propaganda, and praise the Soviet filmmaker for his reality, a stark contrast to the to the fictionality and to the vulgar artifice of the Hollywood image so despised by many of the noetic elite.The film was not so well current in Russia. While by the 1930s, the civilian contend became something of a focus for the revolutionary myth in Soviet cinema just the way the West was won fulfilled a similar function in Hollywood, at the time of its release Soviet audiences preferred lighter and more conventional faire. The pro blem was that, as long as Soviet audiences had a choice, they preferred the films that were popular elsewhere in Europe, and were gifted with a diet of Hollywood hits or Soviet imitations. In addition, Potemkin featured no central hero with whom audiences could identify the main character of the movie is better(p) described as the collective masses. While Eisensteins lack of a central character fascinated Western audiences, it dehumanised Soviets, who were uninterested in the Cine-Eyes more blameless visions of reality. Potemkin had to be taken off after only two weeks, to be replaced with are turn of Robin Hood starring Douglas Fairbanks, the film featured before its release.While the power of Potemkin as propaganda was far more convincing, at least initially, abroad, Eisensteins next great work, October, enjoyed tremendous success at home and was valuable as a way of reframing the October events for decades. Scholar recognise the inaccuracies and license of the film. Figes, for example, contends October is Eisensteins brilliant but largely fictional propaganda film. Rosenstone also acknowledges both the initial impact and lasting ferment of the film.Octoberhas become and remains one of the best known and most enduring accounts of October so well known that it seems no exaggeration to suggest that more people have probably learned about the Bolshevik Revolution from the film than from any other single source.As October had a much stronger impact on the Russian common, both as a movie and as propaganda, it is important to consider the situation in Russia at the time and how it castd the films creation and support. The Russian peasantry, history for eighty percent of the population, was largely hostile and overwhelmingly illiterate speaking more than a hundred different languages. In addition, peasants as a convocation were largely politically ignorant, and needed, it was felt by government leaders, to be properly informed. Peasants were inclined to bel ieve naively in every printed word, and therefore open to intellection from a variety of sources. Lack of vocabulary amongst the group and misunderstandings with speakers sent by the Bolshevik regime to educate them further compounded the communication problem.Furthermore, the peasants had not support the Bolsheviks coming into power. Immediately after the overthrow in October, in November 1917, the Bolsheviks held an election as they had promised. Unfortunately for them, they were not the most supported party, although no group received a majority vote. The Bolsheviks lost the November 1917 election to the Socialist Revolutionaries, who received forty-four percent of the vote to the Bolsheviks twenty-seven percent. Although they lost, the Bolsheviks nonetheless seized and consolidated power. This left the government as one in need of persuasive means to address its constituents. Not having been elected by the people, it depended largely on the power of the word to establish its au thority. The Civil War that occurred following the Revolution necessitated urgent, cheap and stiff measures to win over the hearts and minds of the people in whose name the Bolsheviks claimed to govern. In response, Lenin realised the importance of the dynamic visual propaganda that cinema could offer and set the government on a course of creating propaganda films. Films would serve to not only entertain, but to allow the Bolsheviks to construct their particular utopia out of the ruins of Tsarist Russia.However, By the 1930s, the Party functionaries recognized that the films were not useful propaganda instruments as long as they could not attract a mass audience. Russians clear preferred Hollywood-type films, and had similar response to government-produced propaganda films as they had to Potemkin, although such works had little of its quality or creativity. Government leaders recognised that their greatest artists, who made experimental, advanced films, could not communicate with the simple people who wanted to be entertained. They developed a new slogan for art in the Soviet Republics, loosely translated as movies for the masses. Experimentation was denounced as formalism, as something alien to Soviet art, and now each film had to be without delay comprehensible even to the least educated.Many artists and writers immediately following the 1917 Revolution also recognised the need to enlighten the peasantry, and the potential for creative media to communicate new life options to them, and initially joined in government efforts. Filmmakers such as Eisenstein and Kozintsev, for example, were determined in their different ways to use their new art form to construct a new Sovietman. However, with the increasing and ever more intrusive censorship, in combination with limitations on creativity and severe punishments for violations of government guidelines, many film producers simply stopped making movies. Whilst the cinema became more and more popular, movie sel ection decreased. By the 1930s, foreign films had been banned Soviet films also decreased. Whilst in the 1920s over one hundred movies were made annually, but this number had dropped to less than forty by the 1930s.Content was for the most part centred on the benefits of the Bolshevik regime and the evils of the Tsarist one. Class consciousness could usually be reduced to an understanding that there were enemies everywhere, that the Soviet was of life was superior, that it was the duty of decent people to participate in the building of socialism, that the primary allegiance one owes is to Soviet hostelry and not to the family. As Kenez wryly notes, if one judged the world entirely on the basis of Soviet films, one might have imagined that the task of Soviet fence in guards was to keep out all those who hoped to enter. The Bolshevik government needed to rally illiterate masses to its support, whilst the Soviet Republic spanned a gigantic geographical and heathenish plethora, and a number of events leading up to the current regime seizing power were morally questionable, at best.The question is whether propaganda films really exerted the influence over the public that many have long held unquestionably that they do. The Soviets certainly committed a surprising amount of scarce resources, although not as much as the filmmakers would have liked, to this novel form of propaganda, recognising the apparent potential of the medium of cinema for powerful, mass, political propaganda. Reeves contends that in many countries, including the UK and Soviet Republic, the power of film propaganda was simply assumed. Through the 1950s,politicians and commentators alike seem to have become only more convinced that the mass media in general, cinema in particular, provided a weapon uniquely capable of in effect moulding the ideology of the masses. Reeves further contends that empirical studies in Britain between the First and Second World Wars are primarily supportive of the pow er of film propaganda and the media to influence the general populace. Almost without exception inter-war studies stressed their enormous power, using metaphors like hypodermic needle or magic bullet to characterise that power in contrast to the weakness of the mass of people who, whether they liked it or not, received the messages which the media generated. While there have been more recent challenges to these findings, Eisensteins October is widely held to have had a profound impact both on the Russian people and foreigners in shaping their perception and understanding of the Bolsheviks rise to power.Although October was made before the changes to filmmaking of the 1930s, it very much followed the type of movie propaganda scheme the government would later require. The film was commissioned by the Soviet agency in charge of the production and distribution of films, Sovkino, as part of the tenth anniversary celebration of the 1917events. Ever the visionary, Eisenstein first planned to create a heroic epic, spanning from the February 1917 overthrow of the Czar to the end of the Civil War in 1921.Pressures of time (both on the screen and in the production process) led to aversion that covered a smaller slice of the past from February through October1917.The story the movie tells, and the way it tells that story are surely part of along tradition of explaining why and how the Bolsheviks took power. One might even argue that October had a significant role in creating that tradition. The film neither accurately represents what happened nor entirely fictionalises events, instead combining the two to create a picture in the minds of many of the Revolution. The film opens with the downfall of the Russian Czar in February of 1917.While it overdoes the evilness of the Tsarist regime a bit from an historical standpoint, this presents a strong contrast for the following events. Of particular note is the handling of the July Days protests in July of 1917.The Bolsheviks had assembled over fifty thousand supporters, had surrounded the Tauride Palace, and had taken hostage a representative of the provisionary Government during the protest. Bolshevik leaders truly did decide not to overthrown the government during this time, calming the crowd and avoiding bloodshed. Eisenstein is considered by many scholars to be relatively accurate in his rendition of the July events, although he creates from a decidedly Bolshevik point of view. Eisenstein shows us the masses of marching protesters, the bloodshed on the Nevsky Prospekt, the anger of the middle classes against the lower orders, the Bolshevik speakers calming the soldiers, insisting it is not time to seize power.Similarly, Rosenstone states that historians have little dissent over much of the things that led up to the October events, or how Eisenstein handled them. The February Revolution, he contends, was truly popular and necessary, while the Provisional Government was inept, inefficient, stupid or cr iminal in its attempt to continue the war. Eisensteins portrayal of Kerenskys handling of the entire situation is alsosupported by historians. Figes states that during the event, Kerensky began to strut well-nigh with comic self-importance, puffing up his puny chest and striking the pose of a Bonaparte.Rosenstone notes Eisenstein shows Kerensky as a would-be Bonaparte, by cutting from a close-up of him nowadays to a statue of Napoleon, and he is hardly the only historian to suggest the prime minister truism himself in that kind of heroic role.Figes and Rosenstone both note that Eisenstein used similar techniques to highlight the ineptitude of General Kornilov. Eisenstein suggests that the attempt to overthrow the Provisional Government was really based on a misunderstanding, exacerbated by Kornliov, who also saw himself as a Bonaparte figure and did not realise that most of those supporting him did so with the hope to use him in the governments overthrow .Eisenstein presents Korni lov as yet another potential Napoleon by cutting from his image to that of the same statue previously linked to Kerensky. The film shows how the generals march on Petrograd is undermined by Bolshevik agitators, who are able to convince the Cossacks of his Savage Division that the Soviet programme of Peace, Land, Bread is not meant just for the worker sof Petrograd but for everyone, including them.It is the ending of the movie, as he did in Potemkin, where Eisenstein takes the greatest license. The movie climaxes with the storming of the Winter Palace, an event that did not actually occur. Indeed the Palace was largely unoccupied by the time of the October events, and any Bolsheviks attacking it would have only had to rebuff a few women and elderly men left to tend to maintenance. While Kerenskys cabinet was inside, they were cut off from the outside and posed no threat. The Palace was taken peacefully, with cabinet members arrested. However, Eisenstein realised the film must have a strong climatic event, and as Lenin had previously used the Palace as an emblem of the Revolution conquering old regimes in the name of the masses, he used a dramatic battle to climax his historical rendition.Many Russian critics at the time were appalled that he had even considered dramatising or reframing such an important event in their history. Additional complaints included Eisensteins omission of the collapse at the front and the growth of the workers movement were also directed at the film.Rosenstone would counter that a filmmaker can neer forget the demands of the medium no point how much you are committed to putting the past on the screen, and no matter how accurate you wish that past to be, the one thing you can never do is to mirror a moment all those moments that have vanished.Even in contemporary viewing of October, however, Eisensteins theme is repeatedly that it was the stupidity and oppression of the Provisional Government, not the political desires of the Bolshe viks, that led to the October 1917 Revolution. It was the desires and action of the masses, not Lenin or a few organising leaders, that led to the governments overthrow. As propaganda, the film has long served to reinforce the validity of the Bolsheviks ecstasy of power, and therefore to instigate major changes on the Soviet populace. It remains the way many, both in Russia and in Western countries, view the events of 1917, an as such speaks to the effective and lasting power of film as a propaganda device. History can be recast, reinterpreted, expressed in film, and many will believe what they see .Eisensteins work reinforces both independent research and policies ofgovernments worldwide that support film propaganda as a convincing tool.BIBLIOGRAPHYBattleship Potemkin. Dirs. Sergei M. Eisenstein and GrigoriAleksandrov. White Star, 1925.Behind the screen. TheTimes (UK) 18 September 2004 Features, Films 29.Balio, Tino. Eisenstein. 21 May 2005.http//members.tripod.com/afronord/eisen. htmlBrowne, Nick. Eisenstein inAmerica The First Phase. Emergences 12.2 (2002) 181-197.EncyclopediaPropaganda Film.January 2005. 21 May 2005..Figes, Orlando. The Russian Revolutionand Its Language in the Village. The Russian Review 56 (July 1997)323-345.Figes, Orlando. A Peoples TragedyThe Russian Revolution 1891-1924. New York Penguin Books. 1998.Forging the Shipof State The Bolsheviks in Power. 21 May 2005..Kenez, Peter. Jewish Themes in StalinistFilms. Journal of Popular Culture 31.2 Spring 1998 159-169.October. Dirs. Sergei M. Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov. WhiteStar, 1927.Reeves, Nicholas.The Power of Film Proaganda figment or Reality? Historical Journal of Film, radiocommunication Television 13.2 (1993). .Rosenstone, RobertA. October as History. Rethinking History 52 (2001) 255-274.Taylor, Richard.Russian and Soviet Cinema Continuity and Change, Imperial War Museum,London, 17-19 July 1990. Historical Journal of Film, Radio Television 11.1 (1991). .Taylor, Richard.Sovie t Cinema The Path to Stalin. History Today July 1990 43-48.The OctoberRevolution of 1917.21 May 2005. .Yangirov, Rashitand Taylor, Richard. Soviet Cinema in the Twenties National Alternatives.Historical Journal of Film, Radio Television 11.2 (1991)..

Advantages And Disadvantages Using Computer Networking Facility Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Using electronic computing whatchamacallit Ne bothrking Facility Computer Science EssayThe advantages of utilise figurer engagementing facility within the Smith Solicitor dresserThey tummy use intranet facility for internal communication in the specifyThey base shargon picks kindred printer so that they groundwork use two printers for the whole power.Video Conference can be d wizard which admits it easier for the employer to contact with the employee. And meetings can be d mavin online. bill and data sha cry can be done which protagonists them shargon data amongst the calculating machines.Folders can be password protected to limit entre to unauthorized exploiters.A one internet participation in server computer stomachs the entire client computer to sh atomic number 18 internet.The disadvantage of using computer networking facility within the Smith Solicitor officeSkilled IT decision maker should be hired for maintenance.Training sho uld be precondition to the employer and employee to use the computer which in network. proper network sealedty should be given to the server computer. interlock maintenance should be done time to time. meshwork makeation charges would be pricy.Networking Component like router, switch and cable would be expensive to buy.All the computers in an office building might become completely useless if a single network component fails.If a single computer is virus infected hence the entire computer in network may soon get affected.Evaluate the various costs, performance, pledge and utility determine associated with the installation of your network design for Smith Solicitor. (P2)The various cost, performance, protective covering and utility values associated with the installation of the network design for Smith SolicitorServer ComputerBrand find HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Rack ServerThe HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Server continues to deliver on its heritage of engineering excellence with chan ge magnitude flexibility and performance, enterprise-class uptime and HP Insight Control extinguishability, 2 sockets Intel Xeon performance, and 2U density for a variety of finishs.FeaturesIntel Xeon E5620 (4 core, 2.40 GHz, 12MB L3, 80W)6GB PC3-10600R (DDR3-1333) Registered DIMMsRack-mountable3 years warrantySpecificationsProduct DescriptionHP Pro Liant DL380 G7ProcessorIntel Xeon E5620 (4 core, 2.40 GHz, 12MB L3, 80W)Form FactorRack-mountable 2UCache Memory12 MB L3Chip cropIntel 5520 ChipsetHard DriveNoneNetworking(2) 1GbE NC382i Multi unravel 2 PortsRAM6GB PC3-10600R (DDR3-1333) Registered DIMMsStorage Controller(1) insolent Array P410i/256MBGraphics ControllerATI ES1000MonitorHP*Windows server 2003 will be installed as an operating establishment in server computer as it is substance ab user friendly. It has various security features. (1)Client ComputerHP marquise Elite HPE-490ukDesigned for computing tasks in equal good measure, the HPPavilion Elite HPE-490ukdesktop PC i s powered by the potent quad-core Intel Core i7-870 Processor.General InformationProcessorIntel Core i7-870 Processor2.93 GHz (up to 3.6GHz with turbo Boost)8 MB Smart CacheRAM8GB installed RAM4 DIMM slotsmaximum 16GB supported memoryHard Drive1.5 TB SATA 3G Hard Disk Drive (5400 rpm)USB10 x USB 2.0 portsMemory Card Reader15-in-1 memory card readerAccessories IncludedKeyboard, mouse, power cord, documentationWindows XP will be installed in this client computer as its users friendly. It has got option like plug and play. Its got facilities likefast user switching which affects applications that access hardw are or that can only if tolerate one instance of their application running on a machine at close to(prenominal) one time. We can also create multiple users and protect the users set the password. Networking and communication features are also very good in windows xp. So Windows xp would be the most suitable and appropriate as a client computer. (2)Connectivity maneuverThe Net work Interface card (NIC)The hubThe switchThe bridgeTransceiversWireless access pointsThe routerThe gatewayCable (UTP cat 5)RJ45CostThe server computer and client computer are as required by The Smith Solicitor Office. Its very affordable and the components are very good. The total price of the entire computer would be about 16 thousand. pledgeThe security features of windows 2003 are as listed belowAuthentication Most basic level is requiring a user id and password to enter on to some frame.Access rig Access attend is apply to secure resources such(prenominal) as files, folders, and printers.Encryption Confidential files can be encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) for local files stored on NTFS volumesSecurity policies Security policies ensure a range of security settings.The security features of windows XP are as listed belowFirewall machine-driven updatesRemote Assistance / Remote DesktopLocal Security PolicyJustificationOverall selected hardware component are s uitable for the selected Operating organization and the software product and hardware are at affordable price.Provide an overview of a network operating system (NOS) and illustrate how NOS works with in computer network. (P3)Network Operating System (NOS) dos the server computer to operate Client computer and distribute the function to the entire client computer. Therefore it helps to manage the computers which are committed in the network.Features of Network Operating SystemIt has a function to allow multiple users to access shared out resource at same time.It provides file, print, web services, back-up services.NOS distributes the function to all the computer in networkIt helps to manage multiple user and support for logon and logoff, remote access system management, administration toolsClient systems contain alter software that allows them to request shared resources that are controlled by server systems acting to a client request.NOS supports multiple user covers at the sa me time and enables access to shared resources by multiple clients at same time.It has security features like authentication, authorization, logon restrictions and access controlI suggest windows operating system for smith solicitor office because it is commonly used on computers and currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family isWINDOWS XP for client computer and WINDOWS SERVER 2003for servers. It has features listed belowSecurityWindows provide frequently updated security features such as firewalls, pop-up blockers, antivirus and antispyware software and more. It has additional security and administrator tools for server.NetworkingThese OS offer administration tools and security for computer networking.Ease of UseWindows OS are straightforward and user friendly.Technical Help/SupportThese OS performs numerous functions, above average support is contracted. Generally, Microsoft offers more support to its customers onlineand also self-guided support.Design a local area network for a Smith Solicitor or assess an existing network (if any) for fitness of purpose. (P4) Learner needs to design a LAN on the report card for their LAN selection.last.jpgIdentify the various parts (software and hardware) of a network system for Smith Solicitor and relates it to the 7- layered model. (P5)The various parts of a network system for smith solicitor which is related with 7 layeres model arePhysical LayerThis layer explains the physical properties of the various communications media and coordinates the function required to channel Example It explains the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, layout of pins. The physical layer uses hubs and repeaters.Data Link Layer This layer explains the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Example this layer gives addressing and checks summing of Ethernet packets.Network Layer This layer helps to describe the exchanges of packets between any two nodes in a network. Ex It defines the addressing a nd routing structure of the Internet. shipping Layer In transport layer it describes the class, quality and lineament of the data delivered. This layer makes sure if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery. academic session Layer In this layer the group of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. So it is handles synchronization process. Example It shows the details of request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call.Presentation Layer This layer works to translate, encrypt and compress data. Ex this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged within hosts with different math formatsApplication Layer This layer gives services to the user by allowing the access to network resources Ex this layer would implement file system operationsDifferentiate between different kinds of network, network topologies and network operating systems. (P6) Discuss different network topologiesThe different kinds of network areAloc al line of business network also knows as LANis a kind of network where the networked computers are in abruptly distance only. Example a network within a building of school. LANs Usually owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They use keepsake ring or Ethernet technologyMetropolitan area network also known as MAN is a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a wide area network, such as a city. Example it is commonly owned by a single body like as a government body or large company.Wide area network also known as WAN is a geographically single collection of LANs. It generally covers wide area of computer networks. A router connects different LAN to WAN. For example- mostly WANs (like the Internet) arent owned by any organization or group but it works under the joint or distributive ownership and management.The different types of network topologies areStar network topology and tree topologyAll devices connect to a central d evice, called hub. All data transferred from one computer to an otherwise passes through hub Popular in LAN because its inexpensive and easy to install. Whereas tree topology is the extended form of star topology which is used in large networks .This kind of network significally reduces the traffic on wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination hostRing topologyIn this kind of topology cables are formed in closed ring or a loop form where the devices are arranged along the ring. Data communication is d one in this topology by device to device around entire ring in one direction only but if we use dual ring then communication can be done by both direction Mainly this topology is used in LAN network but it is also used in WAN network.Mesh topologyIn this kind of topology all computer are connected to each(prenominal) other so that on that points a computer error tolerance in this kind of topology. It is expensive as well as difficult to create this type of topolog y. Here all the nodes are connected to each other and forms complete network. This kind of network topology is mostly use in financial sector.3.1 Set up a software network environment, for some departments in a Smith Solicitor organization. (P7) Configure Active directoryTo configure an active directory for smith solicitor organization following process in taken. gibber commencement and type dcpromo and enter. thus a dialogue boxwood will appear. Then we need to press next. After that we will see a earthly concern control type wizard where we need to select the knowledge base controller for a new domain and select next option. Then we need to select the domain in new forest and press next as show in picture below.4.pngAfter that on theNew Domain Namepage, in theFull DNS name for new domainbox, we need to give some domain name .For example we can give domain name like SmithSolicitiorFirm.com. After that we need to give name for NetBIOS domain name and click next where we get to s eelect the location where we would like to store and save the database and log files. On theShared System Volumepage, accept the default in theFolder locationbox, and then clicknext.On theDNS Registration Diagnosticspage, clickInstall and configure the DNS server on this computer and set this computer to use this DNS server as its preferred DNS Server, and then clicknext as shown in the picture below.CUsersjaikishanshresthaDesktop9.pngOn thePermissionspage, clickPermissions compatible only with Windows2000 or Windows Server2003 operating systems, and then clicknext. After that on theDirectory Services quicken Mode Administrator Passwordpage, we need to enter a password in theRestore Mode Passwordbox and again retype the password to actualise it in theConfirm passwordbox, and then clicknext. Finally in last we fairish need to confirm that the given reading are tame and click nextand When prompted to restart the computer, clickRestart now. This is the successful physique of activ e directory for smith solicitors server computer.3.2 Install a piece of network software on to a server to be used by different selected users in a created group on Smith Solicitor Network.(P8) configure print serverWe can configure a print server in smith solicitor network by the following process given below.Installation process first connect the printer to the computer .Then the printer will be light uponed automatically. After that we need to install driver which we normally get with printer. Else we can do it manually by the following process as shown below.Click on Start Settings Control Panel Printer and Faxes. Then Click on the File Menu Add printer Next Local Printer attached to this computer.After that it Checks automatically detect and Install My Plug and Play Printer. Then Click Next.After that a wizard will automatically detect any attached printer and install the driver for it. If the system doesnt find the driver then it will be prompted to provide the drivers location.After successfully installing the printer driver, it will show new printer name in the Printer and Faxes in the control panel.Server Configurations If the printer needs to be shared by a server computer, firstly we need to click the printer namepropertiessharingshare this printer. Then we need to provide name for the shared printer which will be used by client computer on the network. We can also set the colour management, priorities, printing preferences, font s in the properties tab of the printer.Client Computer Configuration To setup printer at the client computer we can just give the commandcomputernameprintername (printer name is the shared name of the printer which we create while configuring server)3.3 Illustrate how you configure user workstations on the network? (P9) Steps of user configuration on Active directoryTo configure user workstation on the network firstly we need to have one active directory domain, where we need to create a user account in that domain to use as an administrator account. Then after adding the user to the exact security group we can use that account to add computer to domain. To configure user on active directory following process should be completed.CUsersjaikishanshresthaDesktopAdd new user in Exchange 2003.PNG first click start and then point the cursor towards administrator Tool. Then Click Active Directory Users and Computersto start the Active Directory Users and Computers console. After that we need to click the domain name that had been created, and then expand the contents. Where we need to right- click UsersNewUserType the first name, last name, and user logon name of the new user, and then clickNext. Where we get other wizard to type a password and confirm it by typing again and click the check box as required by user. Then click Next .After that just check the details and enter to Finish. Finally a new user will be created under the active directory.In case of adding a computer to the domain, following the steps Log on to the computer that needs to be added to the domain. Then right click on MY ComputerPropertiesComputer Name TabClick change. In the computer Name change dialogue box, click Domain under member of and type the domain name. After that click OK.When you are prompted, type the user name and password of the account that you previously created, and then clickOK. Then a welcome message appears in a dialogue box where we need to click OK and restart.4.1 Write a report on the rights and responsibilities of the network manager and the network user for Smith Solicitor (P10) Discuss role of Network admin- user rights, sharing etc. and network user password, honour file etc.Network administrator need to setup and configure all the devices, hardware, software, connection between the computers. They should be able to add the user and delete the user as the requirement of the company or manage the password and access control as the requirement and ensure that there is a proper security in the network to protect it from hackers and viruses. They are deeply involved in making sure that the software are updated and applications, and monitoring the performance of the network, checking for security breaches, poor data management practices and more. So scheduled check up should be done. Administrator should be able to manage user account such as file access privileges and passwords. Administrator should also recrudesce user to utilize the networks resources and also train users to work under the server network environment.Administrators keep records of all users problems and errors as well as the steps taken to solve the problems. This information is used to help solve future problems. Administrators also control user access to the network. The administrator must also create a firewall-a set of security measures designed to make sure that no one can gain unauthorized access to the system. Administrator should use Active directory for centralized management and manage user environment. Admin should respond to the needs and question of clients concerning their access to resources and create backup in different ways to recover any lost data. They are responsible to manage, assign and maintain the list of network addresses.4.2 Apply control mechanisms in a Smith Solicitor network for managing users. (P11) Discuss group policy, user authentication, authorization etc.Control in a smith solicitor network for managing users can be done by using centralized management system in active directory. Active Directory enables the administrator to centrally manage resources and to easily find the information location. It also enables to group the users according to the users limitation because user group policy helps to makes different policy for the user by the administrator. Active directory user authorization secures resources from the unauthorized user and unauthorized access.Managing Authorization and Access ControlPublished November 03, 2005The Mi crosoft Windows XP Professional operating system includes a number of features that you can use to protect selected files, applications, and other resources from unauthorized use. These features, which include access control lists, security groups, and Group Policy, along with the tools that allow you to configure and manage these features, provide a powerful yet flexible access control infrastructure for your local resources and network. Understanding what these features are, why they are necessary, and how they function will help you to manage rights and consents on network and local resources more effectively.Security principalIn Windows XP Professional, any entity that can be authenticated. A user, group, computer, or service can be a security principal. Security principals have accounts. Local accounts are managed by the Local Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the computer. If the account is in a Microsoft Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 domain, it is managed by Active D irectory. If the account is in a Microsoft Windows NT version 4.0 domain, it is managed by a SAM database on the primary domain controller. hereditary patternA mechanism for propagating access control information down through a tree of objects. In Microsoft Windows NT, an object (such as a file) inherits access control information from its parent object (such as a folder) only when the object is first created. In Windows XP Professional, objects inherit access control information non only when they are created, but also when the parent objects access control list changes.OwnerThe only security principal who has an inherent right to allow or deny permission to access an object. An objects owner can give another security principal permission to take ownership. By default, the built-in Administrators group on a computer is assigned a user right that allows this group to take ownership of all objects on the computer.Security groupsGroups that can be used to organize users and domain o bjects, thus simplifying administration. Security groups allow you to assign the same security permissions to a large numbers of users, such as employees in a single department or in a single location, ensuring that security permissions are consistent across all members of a group.Security descriptorA data structure containing the security information associated with a securable object. A security descriptor identifies an objects owner by SID. If permissions are configured for the object, its security descriptor contains a discretionary access control list (DACL) with SIDs for the users and groups that are allowed or denied access. If auditing is configured for the object, its security descriptor also contains a system access control list (SACL) that controls how the security subsystem audits attempts to access the object.Access control list (ACL)An ordered list of access control entries ( booms) that define the permissions that apply to an object and its properties. Each ACE identi fies a security principal and specifies a set of access rights allowed, denied, or audited for that security principal.Security settingsSecurity configuration settings that can be applied to individualistic computers. These settings can be configured locally on the computer by using the Local Security Policy administration tool, the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in, or, if the computer is a member of an Active Directory domain, through the Security Settings extension to Group Policy.Auditing of system eventsYou can use the auditing feature to detect attempts to circumvent protections on resources or to create an audit trail of administrative actions on the system. For example, you can audit failed attempts to open a file. You can also set security policy so that failed logon attempts are recorded in the security event log. If another administrator changes the auditing policy so that failed logon attempts are no yearner audited, the log can record this event as well. In an Active Directory environment, you can use Group Policy to centrally control who is allowed to manage security logs on computers joined to a domain.user or group is stored as part of an ACE in a DACL that is part of the objects security descriptor.Rights and PermissionsAccess control involves the configuration of rights and permissions, which apply to both the objects on the local computer or network and the potential users (including individuals, computers, and services) of those objects.Arightis authorization to perform an operation. From an administrators point of view, there are two types of rights privileges and logon rights. In Windows XP Professional, only one user right is inherent-the right to allow or deny access to resources that you own. All other user rights must be granted, which means that they can also be withdrawn.Apermissionis authorization to perform an operation on a specific object, such as opening a file. Permissions are gran ted by owners. If you own an object, you can grant any user or security group permission to do whatever you are authorized to do with it.When permission to perform an operation is not explicitly granted, it is implicitly denied. For example, if Alice allows the merchandise group, and only the Marketing group, permission to read her file, users who are not members of the Marketing group are implicitly denied access. The operating system will not allow users who are not members of the Marketing group to read the file.Permissions can also be explicitly denied. For example, Alice might not want Bob to be able to read her file, even though he is a member of the Marketing group. She can exclude Bob by explicitly denying him permission to read the file. In fact, this is exactly how explicit denials are best used-to exclude a subset (such as Bob) from a larger group (such as Marketing) that has been given permission to do something.Each permission that an objects owner grants to a particul ar user or group is stored as part of an ACE in a DACL that is part of the objects security descriptor.User-Based AuthorizationEvery application that a user starts runs in the security context of that user.When a user logs on, an access token is created. The access token contains key security-related information, including the users SID, the SIDs of the groups to which the user belongs, and other information about the users security context. This access token is then attached to every process that the user runs during that logon session.An application runs as a process with curves of execution. When an application performs an operation on a users behalf, one of the wind performs the operation. For example, when Alice opens a Word document, Microsoft Word, and not Alice, actually opens the file. More precisely, one of the withdraws of execution performs the operation.For a thread to gain access to an object such as a file, it must identify itself to the operating systems security subsystem. Threads and applications do not have a security identity, so they must borrow one from a security principal, such as Alice. When Alice starts an application, it runs as a process within her logon session. When one of the applications threads needs to open a file, the thread identifies itself as Alices agent by presenting her access token. Alice is therefore ultimately responsible for anything that the thread does to the file or system on her behalf.Before allowing the thread of execution to proceed, the operating system performs an access check to determine whether the security principal associated with the thread has the degree of access that the thread has requested. This access check involves the following stepsThe security subsystem checks the file objects DACL, looking for ACEs that apply to the user and group SIDs referenced in the threads access token.If a DACL does not exist, access is granted. Otherwise, the security subsystem steps through the DACL until it find s any ACEs that either allow or deny access to the user or one of the users groups.If a deny is found at the user or group level, the access is denied.If the security subsystem comes to the end of the DACL and the threads desired access is still not explicitly allowed or denied, the security subsystem denies access to the object. Therefore, if a DACL exists but is empty, access is by definition denied.At the conclusion of this process, access is either allowed and the file is undetermined or access is denied, in which case the file remains closed and an Access Denied message is generated.Creating and deleting user accounts and defining and using security groups are all important(p) security tasks. Defining the security restrictions or permissions that might apply to different groups of users and resources in your network will help to simplify the implementation and management of the permissions and restrictions in your organization. For example, you can create a Printer Operators group and give it precisely delineated administrative control over a finite group of printers.For you to effectively manage security groups in your organization, you need to be well-known(prenominal) with the relationship between accounts, security groups, and built-in security principals. It is also important for you to become familiar with the techniques and tools available for managing group membership.Built-in security principals apply to any account that is using the computer in a specified way. Built-in security principals allow you to configure security based on the manner in which a resource is being accessedn increasing number of Windows XP Professional-based systems are connected straightway to the Internet and participate in home or small business networks rather than in domains. To simplify the sharing and security model used in these nondomain environments, network logons performed against unjoined Windows XP Professional-based computers are automatically mapped to th e Guest account by default. This simplifies the sharing of resources in home or small business networks by eliminating the need to synchronise user names and passwords across all computers in the network. Authenticating users logging on to the network as Guest can provide an additional measure of security for computers connected to the Internet by eliminating the ability to access the computer remotely by using administrative credentials.Forcing network logons to authenticate as Guest does not affect the followingInteractive logons.In addition to console logons, this also includes remote access sessions using Terminal Services or Telnet, which are fundamentally remote occurrences of interactive logon sessions.Computers that are joined to a domain.This is not the default for Windows XP Professional-based computers that are joined to a domain because the domain provides single sign-on capabilities for all computers that are in the domain.Outbound connections.The authentication and ac cess control settings of the computer that you are attempting to access govern outbound connections.4.3 Discuss how you control printer queues and other forms of resource usage in the Smith Solicitor network. (P12)Controlling in printer queues in smith solicitor can be done by changing the printer job setting by setting a priority and to notify the person when the print is done. As well as pause, cancel or resume can be done. To manage print queue firstly, we need to go to st

The Jnanas in Meditation

The Jnanas in MeditationConcentration, the ability to detach oneself from the environment and the advancement of insight and later on Nirvana atomic number 18 the reasons why assimilators enrol themselves in meditation classes. Because of these, any one teaching meditation should pay special attention in religious serviceing and channelise the student in deliver the goodsing these goals. In this end, the jnana post be utilise by the instructor to enhance the students practice of meditation and lead the course of action to prescience and substantiateing inner peace.The Jnana What is it all about?Jnana is a term that is utilise for most meditation practices, and basin be found in other writings with variable spellings depending on the language being apply. The term jnana that will be utilize in this module is from the Pali language. Other spellings of the word atomic number 18 gnana or gnaan in the Sanskrit language, or dhyana also in Sanskrit. Regardless of its spell ing and language using it, the term is used to denote the carriage of fellowship of an individual. This meaning is one of the most wide used in meditation c introduces based on various religious beliefs.The meaning of the word, which is knowledge, can vary depending on what context it is being used. Jnana and its context of knowledge revolves around an pass onrence in the cognitive aspect of the individual where something is not just learned, but experienced by the individual. Because of this close association, the knowledge that the individual can gain from an event cannot be separated from his or her actual experience of it and it attached to the reality in which the meditator has experienced the learning. In some cases, it is also committed to a supreme being that is present in the material world (or the Mahesha-dhama) like Siva-Sakti.In Buddhist practices of meditation such as the Tibetan Buddhists, jnana is used to denote a rural bea of awareness that is pure and free fro m conceptual disruptions and other forms of distractions. This is also used as a contradictory concept to vijnana, which is cognise as divided knowing. It is believed that when a meditator decides to practice and incur practicing jnana and go through the Jnana or Bhimis, then that meditator may experience the heading of complete state of reason and achievement of Nirvana.According to the venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, who is an authority in the Vipassana meditation in Buddhism, there are several nanas or knowledge as the person meditates. What the instructor must stress to his or her students is that these knowledge are to be experienced in lay outs chronologically. Also, it should be made clear that progression from one stage to other does not have a specific fourthly place frame since it can vary from being experienced for wholly a short period of time up to several years. The intensity in which these knowledge are experienced as also vary as well.The Jnana and SamadhiAside from being used to gain knowledge related to the experience of things, the jnanas can also be used to refer to several states of Samadhi. This occurs when the meditator has learned to detach himself or herself from attributes of his or her mind in the quest to meditate better. When this detachment is attained, the mind of the meditator would become more stable and firm in the blocking of distractive purposes and his or her ability to concentrate on the focussing of the mediation will be improved greatly. Samadhi is the result of this increased concentration of the mind of the meditator practicing the jnana.As mentioned in the previous section, there are several levels of the jnana, and these levels can be applied in the practice of Samadhi as well. The term appana Samadhi is applied when the first to the fourth jnana are grouped together. This is especially true when the term is used by the disciples of the Buddha.The Use of the Jnana in Buddhist TraditionsJnana has been present i n Buddhist literatures for a long time and it is mostly associated with any form of meditation. The first to the fourth stage of jnana are considered in the early Buddhist traditions as the right meditation. Because of this context in which it was used jnana has been associated mostly with the meaning it was given by the followers of the Buddha.In early Buddhist texts, it has also been found that the Buddha himself has engaged in the practice of the jnana as he was on his quest to find enlightenment. The practice of the jnana was used by the Buddha to this end because he learned that the meditation practices that he used were not useicularly leading him to achieve the state of Nirvana. Prior to using the jnana, the Buddha has used other forms of meditation, but because these did not lead him to Nirvana, he became disillusioned. This has led him to recall a state of meditation he did when he was a child and followed it. In the Maha-Saccaka Sutta, it was mentioned that the Buddha ha s entered the first jnana and he called this the raceway to Awakening.If the Buddha himself did the jnana and used them in his quest for Nirvana, then the teacher must stress to students of meditation that indentifying and overcoming the obstacles to concentration is necessary before they are able to enter the stages of jnana. In the Upakkilesa Sutta, the Buddha was written to be saying that during the practice of meditation and the meditator starts doubting his or her capacity to carry on the meditation, the concentration would expunge and the focus would be diverted. This is important to be avoided by the meditator through remaining diligent in keeping the focus of the meditation on the forefront of his or her mind and ensuring that attention is kept and not just the concentration.Because the Buddha has mentioned that the jnana is the path to achieve liberation and awakening, meditators should be encouragedto develop this as well if they are in the path to liberation and awakeni ng as well.The Stages of the JnanaPali has described all eight stages of the jnana in a progressive manner. Four of these eight stages are called rupa jnana or meditations or form, part the other four are called arupa jnana or the formless meditations.Rupa jnana is loosely translated to mean fine material jnana. The rupa jnanas are the stages of meditation in which the meditator experiences a deeper level of collectedness of thought and concentrarion. Moreover, each level of the rupa jnana have their intrinsic qualities which are derived from each other and can disappear. The first to fourth jnana areThe First Jnana. In this level of the jnana, the meditator experiences the bearing of rapture, directed thoughts, pleasure, evaluation of thoughts, unification of the mind, mindfulness, presence of contact, feelings and acquaintance, intention, consciousness, persistence, desire and attention.The Second Jnana. The second jnana is manifested by the presence of pleasure and rapture, uni fication of the mind, contact, perception and feeling, intention, desire and consciousness, persistence, decision and attention, calmness and mindfulness. Also, in this level, there is the presence of internal assurance.The Third Jnana. This stage includes the feeling of equanimity-pleasure, contact, perception, feeling, intention, desire, consciousness, persistence, decision, mindfulness, attention and equanimity.The Fourth Jnana. The fourth level stage of the jnana is represented by the presence of an unconcern based on the presence of serenity of awareness a feeling of equanimity, presence of unification of the mind and the other things that are experienced in the earlier stages of the jnana.Apart from the things occurring in each of the first to the fourth jnanas, there are qualities that remain specific to each stage. In the first jnana, there is the presence of subtlest forms of mental movement and the complete disappearance of the five hindrances. Moreover, intense and unifi ed form of bliss remains and the persons capacity to have pernicious intentions stops. The second jnana is related to the cessation of all mental movements and the experience of bliss. In the third jnana, joy that is considered to be one half of the feeling of bliss disappears from the perception of the individual. And finally in the fourth jnana, happiness which is the other half of the feeling of bliss disappears and leading to the neutral feeling of neither pain nor pleasure. Also, it is express that this state renders the breathing of the person to temporarily cease.The arupa jnanas, of the formless meditation contains the other four stages of jnana. These states of the jnanas are written in literatures as formless or immaterial. This led this to be called as the Formless balances in some translation and has helped in distinguishing it apart from the first four jnanas. Contrary to the other stages, these four are used to overstate the presence of the concentration that is att ained from the first to the fourth jnanas. Also, when the eight jnana has been attained, the meditator can experience enlightenment and complete dwelling in emptiness. The four jnanas in the arupa jnanas areThe Dimension of Infinite Space. In this prop of the jnanas, the following qualities are removed from consciousness such as the singleness of the mind, perception of the dimension of the infinitude of space, attention, equanimity, decision, persistence, mindfulness, feeling, perception, contact, intention, desire, and consciousness.The Dimension of Infinite Consciousness. In this stage of the jnana, the following qualities of the mind of the meditator are eliminated like the perception of the dimension if the infinitude of consciousness, contact, feeling, unification of the mind, consciousness, intention, desire, perception, persistence, decision, attention, equanimity and mindfulness.The Dimension of breaking wind. In this dimension of the jnana, the perception of the dimensio n of nothingness, contact, the singleness of mind, perception, feelings, intention, desire, consciousness, decision, mindfulness, persistence, attention and equanimity are ferreted out from the mind of the meditator.The Dimension of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception. In this final stage and dimension of the jnanas, no qualities or characteristics of the mind of the meditator are to be ferreted out, instead, the individual experiences awakening.NOTE The teacher would have to stress out to the student that although the two stages, the Dimension of Nothingness and the Dimension of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception are considered to be part of the jnanas that are described by the Buddha as part of the path to enlightenment, they are not part of the Noble Eightfold Path. This is because according to the Eightfold Path, the last is the Samma Samadhi or the Right Concentration. This is only part of the first to the fourth jnanas, and therefore considered to be just the start of att aining concentration. The teacher must therefore take his or her student through all the stages of the jnanas with the focus on the stage of having his or her perceptions and feelings cease to exist.E.The Nirodha-SamapattiIn his path to attaining Nirvana the Buddha has made a discovery higher than the eight stage of the jnanas, or the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception. This is called the nirodha-samapatti, or the cessation of feelings and perceptions, and is sometimes considered to be the ninth jnana.The Jnanas and the Attainment of InsightBuddhist texts present the thought that if a meditator was able to progress into the ninth stage of the jnana or the stage of the nirodha-samapatti after red ink through all the eight stages of the jnana, liberation is attained.The meditator uses the jnana in an effort to rest the mind and to sharpen and strengthen it in the process. When this happens, he or she will be able to focus the attention into finding out the true nature of the dhamma and go on the quest to higher forms of knowledge. In this way, it can be said that the more time the meditator stays in the state of jnana, his or her mind becomes more powerful and sharper as a result.Moreover, because the presence of the five hindrances are controlled or suppressed for an extended period of time after the meditator enters the jnana, he or she will be able to feel clearer, will be wide-eyed of compassion, mindful, and experience the feeling light and peaceful after meditating. Despite this positive results that the jnana brings to meditators, teachers should warn their students that they should not mistake this or assume for this to be the stage of enlightenment.What the teacher has to the student is that the practice of jnana alone cannot lead him or her to enlightenment, but it can help him or her suppress the presence of defilements that disrupt meditation. The meditators should use the jnana as a tool to develop deeper sense of knowledge and as a means to cultivate their insight on things which can help them to attain Nirvana.In the Theravada Buddhist tradition commentary made in the Visuddhimagga, the meditato is usually found in the state of post-jnana access concentration after he or she comes out of the jnana. When in this state, the meditator would be able to carry out the analysis and investigation of the true nature of phenomena and how they begin, develop insight into the characteristic impermanence of things and of suffering and the non-self. These things can only be experienced by the meditator if he or she practices the core concepts of the Buddhas teachings.If the Visuddhimagga has included that the practice of vipassana is done after the person emerges from the jnana, it is contradicted by what is written on the suttas. In these works, it is said that the meditator can practice vipassana and gain insight while in the jnana. In fact, it encourages the meditator to stay in the fourth jnana after entering it so t hat the presence of mental defilements are removed and uprooted before working to attain insight can be started.Mastery of the JnanasA successful entry and attainment of the jnana cannot be achieved if the person would just progress from one state after the other only. This means that for the meditator to fully realize the jnanas, he or she would have to attain a mastery the present state he or her is doing first before wanting to go on to higher stages. This mastery will help the meditator to easily enter and leave the jnanas at will and experience them when he or she requires it. Another benefit of this is that it will avoid the confusion that can occur later on when the manifestations of a lower level of jnana shows itself in the higher states.The following aspects of jnana mastery should be included by the teacher in instructing and guiding as student meditator in to higher jnanas in the quest to attain insight, liberation and enlightenment.Mastery in adverting. In this aspect o f mastery, the student meditator should be taught on how to advert certain factors of thejnanas especially when the meditator has just emerged from it. This, he or she should be able to do at will.Mastery in attaining. This aspect allows the meditator to quickly enter the jnana quickly.Mastery in resolving. This happens when the meditator is able to remain in the jnana for a certain period of time.Mastery in emerging. The mastery of emerging allows the meditator to emerge from a stage of jnana quickly and without any perceived difficulty.Mastery in reviewing. This occurs when there is an ability on the part of the meditator to review the jnana and other factors related to it while gaining knowledge in the process.ReferencesRichard Shankman,The Experience of Samadhi an in depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation, Shambala publications 2008Venerable Sujivo,Access and Fixed Concentration. Vipassana Tribune, Vol 4 No 2, July 1996, Buddhist Wisdom Centre, Malaysia.Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans. ) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha A New comment of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston Wisdom Publications.ISBN 0-86171-331-1.Henepola Gunaratana,The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation.Pali CanonsAnguttara NikayaandDhammapada, by John T. Bullitt.Jhanas Advice Information about the Jhanas from Tina Rasmussen and Stephen Snyder, authors ofPracticing The Jhanas Traditional Concentration Meditation As Presented By The Venerable Pa Auk Sayadaw by Snyder, Stephen Rasmussen, Tina. Shambhala 2009.ISBN 978-1-59030-733-5Jeffrey S, Brooks,The Fruits (Phala) of the Contemplative Life

My Education and Career Goals :: Education/Vocation

My high school psychology course intrigued my desire to pursue psychology in college and the courses offered at State University furthermore solidified my interest to continue in this field. I took a particular interest in theories of personality and upon completing cognitive psychology, I wish to obtain a clinical neuropsychology certificate in conjunction with a doctor of psychology in clinical psychology. throughout my work experience in a market research phone room center, I boast encountered many personalities and had the ability to observe how their social contexts has regulate and affected each individual. I am interested in learning and obtaining a better understanding of how various social factors affect individuals. As a part of my undergraduate work, I conducted an independent research project examining trust and attachment style as possible factors that influence conflict resolution. Under the supervision of Dr. Maureen Erber, I collected data from students usin g various trust, attachment and confliction resolution scales and ran analyses via SPSS. In addition to my confidence about my preparation in psychology, I have earned a minor in Spanish procuring fluency in reading, writing, and speaking the langu era. Although Spanish is my first language, I learned English an early age that I felt further education in Spanish was valuable. My career goals are to obtain a PsyD in clinical psychology with a specialism in neuropsychology. I am interested in studying the relation between the brain, behavior and psychological processes. I ultimately would like to work in a hospital setting to evaluate and treat victims of stroke, head injury and other neuropsychological problems. I also intend to consult on pharmaceutical drug trials that might influence the central nervous system.I am interested in Adler School of Professional Psychology because it offers education and training in understanding the role of social environment in human functioning. I believe that becoming a socially responsible practitioner will protagonist to develop the skills I need to successfully address various aspects, such as assessment and intervention, to fellow colleagues and patients.

Political Cartoons :: essays research papers

American political cartoons often follow the general displeasure of the presidency by the American people. They run the gamut from economics to foreign policy to the overwhelming popular topic of bureaucracy. As an avid reader of political cartoons on a daily basis I enjoy the humor and cynicism found within these forms of speech. Not only can they poke fun at politicians for their behavior, but, they often sneak a strong sense of values and morals in the person that reads them. Whether a person agrees or disagrees with the way a certain topic is visualized in the cartoon it accomplishes the artists goal of making their reader stop and ponder for a moment about the topic being covered and how it relates to them. From topics currently cladding the United Nations, our federal government or current news events, the cartoonists use a medium that was once reserved for innocent humor and changes it so that it draws the readers prudence (since it is a cartoon and people seem to enjoy reading the funnies), and makes a statement, whether direct or indirect, that often makes people speak about or evidence and change the topics outcome. Since the beginning of America political cartoons have often portrayed government officials as inept and sometimes just plain stupid. Politicians are truly easy targets for the press and so become the subject of many daily papers editorial page cartoon.Although sometimes the cartoonist draws on current events and pay good word to people who are often thought of with reverence. Take for example Charles Schultz, on the day following his death to the highest degree cartoons as well as political cartoons payed homage to a person who is considered the greatest cartoonist of all time. Other cartoon strips showed their characters attending his funeral or missing him in some other way. While the most poignant political cartoon I remember about his death was by a cartoonist Mike Thompson of the Detroit free press. It showed Charlie Brown walking through the furnish of heaven with an older man walking beside him and saying to him, Now, a few pointers about kicking a football.

Adventure story :: Free Essay Writer

Long ago, there was a newly trained warrior from across the seas of Antonica, the race of the forgotten iksar being newly re-discovered had begun the life of one iksar. This newcomer warriors name was Lyzzard. Lyzzard trained extraneous of his hometown killing scorpions and scale wolf pups until he gained the level of 5. At this time he was getting bored of the creatures that inhabited the outside area of the gates of Cabilis and noticed that the road lead down into a pit. When Lyzzard indomitable he should go and check out this new land he had not seen before, he knew there could be some dangers in going. Though he knew, his warrior instinct dared him to ignore it. He followed the road down into what was known somewhat the Feild of Bone as "The pit", and down there he saw that it was just as he hoped... many things to kill and fight. He fought a scaled wolf hunter and barely survived, he then decided that he needed a partner for this task of becoming a champion mightie r than exclusively other races. He found a partner in Jettlizzy the monk and Chleu the shaman which were at his level of training. After acheiving the 7th level of training, he decided to go off to explore on his own down in the pit. He walked around for what seemed like days along the walls of the pit, but he presently found out that he would welcome been better off waiting until he reached a higher level of training before he should have went off exploring. He walked upon some bones, which his instructor had told him about, of a dragon. He was told to be weary of the area where bones of a large creature come up from the ground with a large skull with sharp teeth lay.Lyzzard being daring as he was decided to ignore the warnings and search the area. After a fewer moments of arriving at the area, he found himself up against a creature that would change his life forever. This creature was a Badger looking creature known to well-nigh people as a Burnyia. Lyzzard drew his Fine Stee l Two handed sword and attempted to destroy that of which had attacked him. He swung and swung with the feriousity of a warrior with nothing to lose and missed too many times.

Carl Friedrich Gauss :: essays research papers

Carl Friedrich GaussCarl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician and scientist whodominated the mathematical community during and after his lifetime. Hisoutstanding work includes the baring of the method of least squares, thediscovery of non-Euclidean geometry, and important contributions to the theoryof numbers.Born in Brunswick, Ger legion(predicate), on April 30, 1777, Johann Friedrich CarlGauss showed early and unmistakable signs of being an extraordinary youth. As a electric razor prodigy, he was self taught in the fields of reading and arithmetic.Recognizing his talent, his youthful studies were accelerated by the Duke ofBrunswick in 1792 when he was provided with a stipend to allow him to pursue hiseducation.In 1795, he continued his mathematical studies at the University of Gttingen. In 1799, he obtained his doctorate in absentia from the University ofHelmstedt, for providing the first reasonably complete proof of what is nowcalled the important theorem of algebra. He stated that Any polynomial withreal coefficients can be factored into the product of real linear and/or realquadratic factors.At the time of 24, he published Disquisitiones arithmeticae, in which heformulated systematic and widely influential concepts and methods of numbertheory -- dealing with the relationships and properties of integers. This bookset the pattern for many future research and won Gauss major recognition amongmathematicians. Using number theory, Gauss proposed an algebraic solution to thegeometric problem of creating a polygon of n sides. Gauss turn up the possibilityby constructing a regular 17 sided polygon into a circle using only a straightedge and compass.Barely 30 years old, already having made landmark discoveries ingeometry, algebra, and number theory Gauss was appointed director of theObservatory at Gttingen. In 1801, Gauss turned his direction to astronomy andapplied his computational skills to develop a technique for calculating orbitalcomponents for ce lestial bodies, including the asteroid Ceres. His methods,which he describes in his book Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium, are legato inuse today. Although Gauss made valuable contributions to both theoretical andpractical astronomy, his principle work was in mathematics, and mathematicalphysics.About 1820 Gauss turned his attention to geodesy -- the mathematicaldetermination of the shape and size of the Earths surface -- to which hedevoted such(prenominal) time in the theoretical studies and field work. In his research, hedeveloped the heliotrope to secure more accurate measurements, and introducedthe Gaussian error curve, or bell curve. To fulfill his sense of civilresponsibility, Gauss undertook a geodetic survey of his country and did much ofthe field work himself. In his theoretical work on surveying, Gauss developed